Electric vehicle (EV) charging stations (CSs) are increasingly prevalent due to the growing adoption of renewable energy. Solar CSs' main difficulties are energy efficiency, security, traceability, and sustainability. This article presents a novel blockchain-enabled EV charging framework that addresses these challenges using the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM), the Metamask wallet, and smart contracts (SCs). This article introduces solarcoins, a digital currency for trading solar energy, which reduces human intervention while fostering trust, transparency, and privacy among EV users. The proposed solution ensures secure communication between CS operators and EV users, enhancing both security and traceability. The proposed solution ensures secure communication between CS operators and EV users, enhancing both security and traceability. To quantify the sustainability and efficiency of the proposed system, the framework performances are tested and evaluated by varying numbers and types (Read, Write, and Transfer) of transactions using Hyperledger caliper and Go Ethereum. The overhaul Performance metrics were measured under varied transaction rates and control parameters by varying the number of validator nodes (1 node to 5 nodes), such as transaction latency, throughput, resource utilization, and so on. The performance of three major functions - open, query, and transfer - was recorded and analyzed. The results show that the query transaction is faster than open and transfer and the latency increases linearly with increased transaction rate. At 1000 transaction per second, the open function has a latency of 260.22 s, whereas the query function has a latency of 104.12 s and the transfer function has a latency of 345.73 s. The average memory usage for 1node-clique is 1224.0 MB, while it is 76.8 MB for 5node-clique. Results reveal that with an increase in the number of cliques (Validator CSs), memory utilization decreased linearly. This happens because all framework transactions are distributed across each EV CS network. The SCs deployment and operational costs were measured. Complexity analysis reveals that functions, such as getStation, getUser, getStationState, etc., exhibit constant time complexity O(1), while the registerUser and addStation functions have linear space and time complexity O(n).

Blockchain technology is transforming ride-sharing services by shifting from centralized control to decentralized applications (DApps), addressing user privacy, security, and cost-effectiveness. This research presents a novel blockchain-enabled ride-sharing DApp using an Ethereum-based permissioned network. The system employs smart contracts written in Solidity within the Truffle Suite environment, with smart contracts to automate secure transactions. Comprehensive testing was per-formed using Chai and Mocha to ensure robustness, and performance evaluation was conducted with Hyperledger Caliper. The DApp enables seamless ride-finding and payment, with payments held in escrow until service completion, ensuring user trust and operational efficiency. Performance analysis reveals significant advantages over traditional services, including lower latency in query operations and promising throughput growth in transfer functions under high transaction volumes. The proposed system enhances decentralization, reducing security risks and intermediary costs while improving efficiency. These findings highlight the potential for blockchain technology to innovate ride-sharing services and urban mobility. This study introduces a secure, transparent, and efficient ride-sharing platform, showcasing blockchain’s ability to transform vehicular services and promising further innovations as the technology evolves.

Online event management applications often struggle with issues related to data integrity, security, and trust due to centralized control. Decentralized applications are widely adopted in industries like social networks, offering solutions through transparency and user control. Therefore, a decentralized event management framework that uses blockchain is essential to ensure data protection, immutability, and trustless collaboration. To address these challenges, this paper presents TBSSMC, a decentralized social media application framework. This framework leverages a distributed ledger for secure and reliable data storage which maintains integrity. This framework incorporates smart contract capabilities on the Ethereum Virtual Machine, enabling process automation and secure execution. The framework prototype and its associated algorithms were designed and implemented. Finally, the performance of three primary functions createEvent, joinEvent, and displayEvents was benchmarked using Hyperledger Caliper for 5000 transactions with varying transaction rates. The simulation results indicate that createEvent has an average latency of 10.67 s, while joinEvent and displayEvents have an average latency of 10.24 and 9.04 s, respectively. The throughput averages for the createEvent, joinEvent, and displayEvents functions are 234 TPS, 238 TPS, and 252 TPS, respectively. The average CPU usage ranges from 5.13 to 31.69%, and the memory consumption averages between 731 and 790 MB for the above functions. This ensures that the proposed framework is reliable, secure, scalable, and efficient.

The concept of using blockchain technology for peer-to-peer energy trading (P2PET) in smart grids, particularly employing a double auction-based game theoretic method, is a fascinating application of both blockchain and economic principles. This paper deals with a blockchain-enabled framework for P2PET in a smart grid by using a double auction-based game theory approach. The proposed permissioned blockchain network was developed using Hyperledger Fabric, Minifab and designed by configuring the spec.yaml file. Three smart contracts, or Chaincode namely Double Auction Order, CreateP2PEnergy, and Matching, have been written using Golang and deployed into the blockchain network, thereby creating automatic energy trading transactions between energy producers and consumers. The client communication, such as consumer queries, user input, and producer trading concepts, was designed using the Postman API. Additionally, the double auction framework's performance has been measured by Hyperledger Caliper. Analysis shows that when 1000 transactions were initiated in each round by clients using Hyperledger Caliper and REST API services, the Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) mechanism successfully processed 946 transactions, in contrast to the 627 transactions managed by Proof of Work (PoW). The outcomes from multiple rounds of testing underscore the enhanced performance of this framework. In summary, the combination of blockchain technology, P2P energy trading, smart grids, and game theory offers a promising approach to revolutionizing the energy sector. By decentralizing energy trading, empowering consumers, and leveraging market mechanisms, this approach has the potential to enhance efficiency, promote renewable energy adoption, and foster a more sustainable energy ecosystem.

Crowdfunding is an innovative method to raise funds for various purposes, like developing innovative projects, charity, and many more. By using this approach, entrepreneurs who have limited funds to invest in their ideas can get more funding for their projects. There are a few crowdfunding platforms, such as Indiegogo and Kickstarter, that allow entrepreneurs to present their ideas to potential investors. In order to protect investors from fraud, these reliable third-party websites serve as an escrow for the money. However, these sites charge a higher fee for providing services. In this work, we replace intermediaries and their associated costs for fundraising between entrepreneurs and investors by using blockchain technology. Smart contracts are deployed on the blockchain to automate all operations of the framework, and it manages all operations based on the agreements and incentive rules as defined in the smart contract code. This enhances security and transparency among all the stakeholders. First, we designed the framework and then implemented it using Remix, and Solidity language is used to design smart contracts. The Ethereum blockchain network is used for storing and running smart contract transactions. For the front-end, we have user reactjs. Finally, the result of all the crowdfunding applications is described. This application would raise investment in renewable energy infrastructure projects and contribute to achieving the target of net zero emissions in the near future.

The rapid increase in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the installation of charging stations (CSs) are key components for bidirectional energy transfer between EVs and CSs. However, the traditional techniques of energy trading have issues of trust, scalability, traceability, provenance, and authenticity among energy prosumers. To address these challenges, particularly information imbalances between energy buyers and sellers, we propose TokenGreen, a novel framework that leverages blockchain and nonfungible tokens (NFTs) to enable participants to have ownership of energy assets through investments in distributed energy generation, distribution, and clean energy infrastructure, leading to trust and transparency management among the participants. The proposed framework uses Ethereum virtual machine (EVM), ERC-721 NFT, interplanetary file system (IPFS), and solidity smart contracts to develop an NFT-based energy marketplace. Various smart contracts, contract events, functions, and algorithms have been designed and integrated into the energy marketplace to facilitate the minting, creation, purchase, and resale of NFT tokens, including energy trading. To assess the performance of the proposal, experiments are performed using tools, such as Geth, Hyperledger Caliper, and the Ethereum SDK. The obtained results indicate that the average maximum latency for CreateToken reached 12.39 s, while BuyToken and ResellToken reached 11.02 s. Additionally, the average minimum latency for CreateToken, BuyToken, and ResellToken reached 10.46, 10.03, and 9.14 s, respectively. On average, memory consumption ranged from 640 to 775 MB, while CPU usage averaged between 30% and 55% for each function. The performance analysis indicates that CreateToken has low throughput, while BuyToken shows higher, and ResellToken exhibits the highest throughput due to fewer write operations. TokenGreen demonstrates superior performance compared to the existing state of the art, considering the mentioned parameters.

Digital decentralized marketplace is now becoming more popular since 2015 due to invention of NFT technology. NFT is most successfully implemented in digital contents like art and music and is evolving as a new market for the future. NFT and its underlying technology blockchain is now being diversified into various application areas to solve various requirement of human and its society. In the current global scenario green house effect and its solution though alternating energy sources like renewable energy generation is major challenge due to distributed nature of these sources. Moreover, establishment of such infrastructure need much investments. Distributed management using blockchain technology is the only solution to manage energy generation and exchange between prosumer and consumer. However, to achieve net zero emission (NZE) we need much more investment in the clean energy sector and is not possible unless more and more people join and participate in the investment. This study proposes a new solution for secure and intelligent trading of solar charging stations and electric vehicle equipment in a decentralized digital marketplace, utilizing NFT technology. The approach is designed to improve the reliability and transparency of transactions, providing a more secure and efficient system for trading these valuable assets.

Due to the rapid growth of the Industrial IoT (IIoT), social media and digitization, and wireless communication technology in various sectors, data volume is increasing rapidly. Cloud computing is an emerging solution with fog computing assistance for handling and processing a huge volume of data. It is a soar of means to improve the quality of services provided to users through cloud computing, which has been more overwhelmed by the massive data flow. Transmitting all the data to the cloud and getting it back from the cloud causes high latency and requires high network bandwidth. In the IIoT applications, there is enough energy needed in the fog layer, a promising area to be handled by the cloud service providers. An important factor that contributes to the energy consumption in fog servers is VM allocation. This paper proposes EVMAS, i.e., an energy-aware VM allocation scheme based on Lagrange's undetermined multiplier with the Hessian matrix, which improves the Quality of Service (QoS) in parallel with service level agreement (SLA). The suggested technique outperforms in comparison to the other state of the algorithm.