This study presents an analytical model to estimate the vertical distribution of streamwise velocity in double-layered flexible vegetation. The model divides the flow into distinct zones based on force balance conditions. Validation was conducted using experimental data from previous studies, demonstrating strong agreement between model predictions and observed velocity profiles. The influence of vegetation bending angles on velocity distribution was examined, revealing minimal impact in the lower vegetation zone for a fixed vegetation density. The model also incorporates wave effects using Keulegan–Carpenter (KC) numbers and evaluates both linear and nonlinear Stokes wave theories. The findings highlight the role of vegetation flexibility in modifying flow resistance, contributing to improved predictions of flood mitigation, erosion control, and wetland hydrodynamics

In recent days, emerging nations have needed new and enhanced infrastructure projects to support their growing populations. There is a daily rise in the demand for residential land as the population expands. In addition to flat land, sloping land in hilly areas must be considered to satisfy the demand for housing land. Moreover, vertical development in the form of multi-storey buildings is the only solution to the problem. In this context the effects of various forms of bracing on the seismic performance of two hill building configurations, such as stepback and stepback-setback, were investigated and compared to a building standing on level ground. A time history dynamic analysis was performed to assess structural responses in terms of seismic parameters such as fundamental time period, top storey lateral displacement, storey drift, base shear, and torsion. The building standing on leveled and sloping ground have been modelled with bracings placed at three different locations, namely at the corners, the mid-edge, and the centre of the building. Buildings standing on sloping land are found to be extremely vulnerable to earthquakes due to irregularities in elevation. X-braced frames, V braced frames, and inverted V braced frames have all been examined in order to identify the best bracing system that significantly improved the seismic resilience of building frames. The Stepback-setback X-braced frame, positioned at the center of the building model, demonstrated the highest percentage decrease in lateral displacement compared to the control model during the El Centro earthquake: 16.27% along and 15.55% across the slope line, respectively. Similar trends were observed for the Northridge and Loma Prieta earthquakes. This highlights the effectiveness of the setback-stepback model with a centrally placed X-bracing system as the preferred choice for buildings on sloping ground due to its superior seismic resilience. © Korean Society of Steel Construction 2024.

Flood risk is usually defined as the combination of the probability of occurrence of events and the potential consequences on people, environment and anthropic structures (Renato et al., 2018)

The present work describes the development of a mathematical model for the evaluation of the equilibrium scour depth around a single cylindrical pier under the influence of co-existing waves and current. The presented equation includes the effect of the Keulegan-Carpenter number and Froude number on the formation of scour hole. The principle of energy balance is used to form a nonlinear equation of scour, where the energy of incoming flow when collided with the pier is equated with the weight of the sediments moving away from the vicinity of the pier to establish an equilibrium scour depth. An effort has been made to capture the nature of the flow along x-, y-, and z-directions when the current is inclined at an angle ? with the direction of progress of the wave. Further, the scour profile chosen can incorporate any shape and size of the scour hole. The model has been tested against published experimental data pertaining to two cases, namely when the waves are following the current and when the waves are traveling normal to the current. Here, only linear wave is considered while deriving the equation.