Department of Commerce

Entrepreneurship research constantly evolves, making a comprehensive understanding of current trends necessary. This study addresses this need through a systematic literature review (SLR) following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework. The study explores the evolving research landscape in entrepreneurship by analyzing 88 articles published from the earliest available to the present, retrieved across databases including SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Research Gate. The research identifies factors influencing entrepreneurial development and growth and bridges the knowledge gap regarding entrepreneurial attitudes and their impact. This study provides a comprehensive perspective by examining research approaches, methodologies, geographic focus, data collection techniques, and prominent journals. Researchers further explored the antecedents and outcomes of entrepreneurship research, analyzed author demographics, and investigated the research timeframes. This approach provides a rich understanding of the current state of entrepreneurship research by identifying themes in the research area. It offers valuable insights for policymakers and researchers, particularly those seeking to illuminate the role of entrepreneurial mindsets and governance in economic growth

The aim of the study was to find out impact of green finance on sustainability of Indian manufacturing companies. Using a method of moment quantile regression (MMQR) model and unique data set of 105 manufacturing companies covering the period of 2016–2023. We found that green finance influences sustainability levels from negative to positive across lower to higher quantiles, with values ranging from ? 0.96 to 0.94, signifying its effectiveness in improving a company's sustainability. These findings provide practical insights for regulators, investors, and financial institutions to enhance the use of green finance, thereby facilitating the shift to sustainable business practices. This study emphasizes the transformational potential of green finance, contributing to the debate on sustainable development and providing a practical approach for incorporating environmental goals into business structures.

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The study aims to unravel the impact of Environmental Social Governance (ESG) scores on the firm’s market performance of polluting companies. Moreover, the study also finds out moderating effect of green initiatives. The study’s population consisted of 67 companies that were chosen from the list of polluting companies given by the Central Pollution Control Board of India for the post-COVID-19 timeframe of 2020–2023. Regression analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between the variables. The results indicate that the performance of ESG will improve the financial performance of the company. In most cases, the results suggest that firms with heightened ESG performances have better market performance. Furthermore, the results show that there is no moderating effect of green initiatives. This study’s findings have important implications for stakeholders. The examination’s findings should help managers understand the state of ESG and financial market performance after the coronavirus crisis, as well as the relationship between FP and ESG responsibility fulfilment. The study has significant practical implications that may help managers create plans and guidelines for implementing and improving ESG scores to maximize performance. Population was the major limitation of the study.

One of the major reasons attributed to the stakeholders losing their wealth is “fraud”. Fraud, in today’s scenario, is acting as a major threat not only to the stakeholders but also to the very existence of corporate bodies. The present research work is focused mainly on understanding the impact of corporate fraud on investor behaviour and its presence in various corporate bodies. The researchers used a survey on select groups to identify the influencing phenomenon of their investment pattern. Furthermore, the study also presents the impact on the efficiency of corporate bodies, their “fraud detection practices”, and how they are overcoming “fraud risk” in case of the emergence of fraud to cater to the needs of various stakeholders, and their concern towards portfolio was also taken into consideration in the current research. The study initially takes into consideration the presence of different types of commercial frauds that are more prevalent in various types of industries and progresses more specifically towards global banking and financial sectors. The current research work also visualizes the implications of fraud on investors’ investing patterns in security markets. The chapter ends with a discussion of the researchers’ suggestions for mitigation of fraud by following certain best practices

Financial inclusion helps revitalize people out of poverty and can help speed economic development. It can draw more women into the mainstream of economic activity, harnessing their contributions to the society. Indhrawathi Sri Mulyani according to the Indonesian Finance Minister, a former World Bank Group head.The National Bureau of Economic Research claims that “12.4% of those in the top quartile of financial knowledge relied on books and newspapers as their primary source of financial knowledge, compared to only 3.9% for those in the lowest quartile of financial competence”. Growth that is inclusive can only occur via appropriate mechanisms that channel all their sources from top to bottom with innumerable sources from the economy. Given that India has the largest rural population in the world, financial inclusion is a novel idea that uses creative methods to encourage rural residents to open bank accounts. The goal of financial inclusion is to offer banking and financial services to the whole population at a reasonable cost in a fair, transparent, and equitable manner. However, low-income households frequently do not have access to bank accounts and must pay for numerous visits and time to obtain banking services, such as opening a savings account or obtaining a loan. As a result, these families find it more challenging to save money and make long-term financial plans. The concept of financial inclusion, its evolution, IFI, needs, benefits, customer engagement strategies, initiatives, expansion and modes of financial inclusion like ATMs branch openings, loan utilization, mobile transactions, etc. are all insisted upon in this comprehensive study. An attempt is made to address the general topic of financial inclusion in India in this paper.

The objective of the study was to understand the phenomenon of green finance in polluting companies through a systematic literature review. The methodology involves the search, selection, classification, and categorization of thirty-five articles on green finance in polluting companies which were analyzed for the time span of eleven years, i.e., 2011–2022. The outcome of the review identified the following five themes: (i) green credit and environmental protection; (ii) green finance and green innovation; (iii) green innovation and environmental protection; (iv) green finance and investment; and (v) green innovation and firm performance. The review has put forward recommendations for further advancement in policy strengthening and the utilization of extensive data analysis, indicating potential avenues for future research and development. The findings of the study provide insights to researchers, practitioners, and policymakers about the status of green finance in polluting companies.

The Internet of Things (IoT), a network of interconnected devices and sensors linked through the Internet, facilitates the connection between individuals, their devices, and vast amounts of data. Within companies, the human resources department plays a crucial role in managing the pressure generated by various aspects, including marketing, development, and the application of IoT in human resources. This study is motivated by the need to understand the potential of IoT in strategic human resource management practices. To explore the fundamental strategic human resource management practices and assess their mediating effects, this research gathered data from 320 respondents in the Kerala information technology sector, specifically Kochi Infopark, consisting of both lower-level executives and senior managers. The study utilizes statistical analysis to examine the relationship between sustainable human resource practices, the Internet of Things, and sustainable human resource growth. Furthermore, the study highlights the IoT's role as a mediator between strategic human resource management practices and factors contributing to sustainable HR growth, demonstrating a positive impact of independent variables on dependent variables. These findings emphasize the potential for organizations to enhance HR practices, decision-making, and innovation using IoT during crises and uncertainties. Integrating IoT with SHRM empowers organizations to effectively manage challenges and complex environments.

Generally, the interest of stakeholders is to see the growth of their entities, also they benchmark their entities through business performance metrics or tools like return on equity, return on assets (Mishra & Kapil, 2018), earnings per share, gross profit margin, employee productivity, sales turnover, ratings given by prominent credit rating agencies, such as Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency (ICRA), Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited (CRISIL), Standard and Poor, etc. In addition to this, internal governance mechanisms, board of directors’ characteristics, their independence, transparency, concentration, and presence of employees in the ownership structure also influence financial and stock market performance (Braendle, Stiglbauer, Ababneh, & Dedousis, 2020). However, assessing the performance of entities through some of these limited angles is not always possible. One more criterion for assessing the performance of entities is corporate governance rating (CGR). However, it is not widely used as a tool to assess a firm’s performance in emerging markets. The present research paper is intended to address the scenario of corporate governance rating in Indian corporate world to assess a firm’s performance. With the help of majorly secondary sources of data, this study was conducted from 2003 to 2021 based on the CRISIL’s rating pattern. The results revealed that only 20 companies adopted the process of corporate governance rating. The findings showed the significance of corporate governance rating, its adoption and future research in the development of the rating mechanisms in India as well as in other emerging markets.

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Numerous studies have provided evidence to the literature on the demand side of the determinants of health-care expenditure by employing the Grossman model. However, understanding the supply side of the determinants of health-care expenditure will be of crucial importance for improving health outcomes. Methods: This study has used panel data for 15 Middle-East region countries for the time period of 2000–2016 Initially, Grossman’s model of the demand for care is estimated. Furthermore, a Parallel model of the supply of care is estimated for contradistinction analysis. Finally, an integrated partial least square structural equation model is being developed. Results: Results show that the relative wage rate and aging variables are the only indicators that are statistically significant with theoretically consistent signs as postulated by Grossman’s theoretical model. The opposite is true with schooling and the proxy of the medical care relative prices. However, in the parallel model, all the four drivers of the demand for care are statistically significant determinants of health-care spending. Conclusions: Therefore, expansion of health insurance coverage particularly for the elderly cohort of the population could be a promising mechanism to boost the demand for care and eventually improve health outcomes.

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The textile industry has emerged as a major pollution source owing to a rise in carbon footprint, the spike in greenhouse gas emission, and increasing landfill waste. Sustainable fashion has become a new style statement and industries are shifting their orientation towards environment-friendly manufacturing. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) model was employed with environmental concern, personal moral norms, and perceived consumer effectiveness to better predict the eco-friendly apparel purchase intention of educated Indian youths. Variance-based partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied to evaluate the hypothesized model. Findings indicated that perceived behavioral control has a strong significant positive influence on purchase intention followed by personal moral norms, attitude, and perceived consumer effectiveness. Environmental concern was found to have an indirect effect on purchase intention through three primary TPB variables and personal moral norms. Multi-group analysis (MGA) was performed to examine the moderating effect of perceived consumer effectiveness on an attitude–intention relationship. The highly perceived consumer effectiveness group was shown to have a more consistent attitude-purchase intention relationship as compared to the low-perceived consumer effectiveness group. The study promulgates insights to professionals and policymakers to formulate sustainable marketing strategies and policies to cope with the indigenous market conditions.

Though the level of public and private health expenditure per capita in Southeast Asia is comparatively below the level of health expenditure in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, the former has higher rates of under-five and non-communicable disease mortality rates than the latter. Similarly, life expectancy at birth is considerably higher in OECD compared to Southeast Asia, despite the global progress in recent decades. This study examines the dynamics of public and private health expenditure on health outcomes in Southeast Asia, vis-a-vis two of the Sustainable Development Goals targets. The techniques of fixed effect, random effect and feasible generalised least squares methods are used to obtain robust estimates. Furthermore, the analysis dives deep into the analysis of country-specific impacts of public and private health expenditure on health outcomes using the technique of seemingly unrelated regression. Estimates show that, across Southeast Asia, public health expenditure alone contributes to improving life expectancy at birth, lower level of under-five and non-communicable disease mortality rates. Unlike public health expenditure, private health expenditure contributes to better health outcomes only in Brunei and Singapore but not across the countries of Southeast Asia. The implications of the findings and possible future research areas are highlighted further.

This study assesses and compares the productive efficiency of the national healthcare system of the ASEAN region which includes Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam amidst rising mortality rate from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) era. Nonparametric data envelopment analysis technique based on the Malmquist Productivity Index is performed and its components, total factor productivity change, technical change and technological change are compared across the region. Two different models are considered in assessing and comparing the technical efficiency of the national healthcare system across the region with life expectancy at birth and mortality rate from NCDs as parallel health care output for both the models. The mean value of total factor productivity is 0.983 and 0.974 which suggests that national healthcare system productivity efficiency decays by 1.7% for Model I and 2.6% for Model II, respectively. This suggests that the health care system inefficiencies across the ASEAN region have not made life expectancy to improve as much as it should be and curtailed the mortality rate from growing chronic NCDs within a decade. The region is likely to lag behind in achieving SDGs 3 target 4 on reducing by one-third premature mortality from chronic NCDs unless the health care system's technical efficiency is improved across the region. The finding suggests a microlevel study on each country to identify major sources of healthcare system inefficiency in a bid to ameliorate it.

Recently, agricultural productivity growth has experienced a sharp downward turn across the countries of Southeast Asia partly due to population ageing, increasing pace of urbanization, and industrialization. OBJECTIVE: To provide empirical evidence to the elasticity of prevailing health spending as a proxy of human capital stock on agricultural productivity growth in Southeast Asia. METHODS: This study analysed the data obtained from the World Development Indicators for 2000-2016 using panel data regression models. RESULTS: The empirical evidence suggests that prevailing health expenditure, though statistically significant, exerts a strong positive effect on agricultural productivity growth. Therefore, a unit rise in prevailing health spending relative to GDP would increase agricultural productivity growth by 28% across countries of Southeast Asia, all else constant. CONCLUSION: The trend of rapid agricultural productivity declines in Southeast Asia could be altered by augmenting investment to the prevailing health spending as an indicator of human capital stock. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: The governments of Southeast Asia should increase investment in prevailing health spending relative to GDP, to stimulate more growth in agricultural productivity, greatly improved human capital stock, and eventually increase economic growth.

This study employed a model of two-period in which the manufacturer determines a price floor and drafts output of production precedently to the attainment of certainty by demand. In addition, the closer the distance between the minimum price and the price during the high phase of demand, the higher is the degree of price inertia. This model first assumes that the manufacturer sells products to consumers directly and then introduces competing retailers who have the right to return unsold goods at the minimum resale price specified by the manufacturer. By solving for the minimum resale price and production output, the model’s results indicate that vertical market linkages influence the market power–price inertia relation and that asymmetric price transmission could be symbolic of competitive markets. Further, study reveals that the retail price in a highly concentrated retail market might be lower than that in a retail market with fierce competition. In addition, high product durability, low demand uncertainty, low return credit, and long contract duration between upstream and downstream members lead to price inertia rising during economic recessions compared with booms. The relationship between price adjustments and market competition, therefore, suggests that the reasons underlying price inertia should be considered when formulating antitrust and monetary policy.

This study develops a two-period model in which the manufacturer determines a price floor and sets production output before demand becomes certain. The model defines the distance between price floor and high-demand-state price in concern to the degree of price flexibility. While conflicting empirical results underscore the importance of theoretical underpinnings, this study shows that economies of scale determine the relation between market competition and price rigidity. A decline in output leads to higher average costs in the industry characterised by economies of scale, a hike in average costs adds pressure on the inventory liquidation that drives price cutting in the low-demand state. Prices tend to more fluctuate as the product becomes more homogeneous or more players enter into the industry. The knowledge of the relationship between market competition, product homogeneity, and price rigidity is critical in formulating antitrust and monetary policies.

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